Valvular Heart Disease Analysis of the Impact of Early Surgery on In-Hospital Mortality of Native Valve Endocarditis Use of Propensity Score and Instrumental Variable Methods to Adjust for Treatment-Selection Bias

Tahaniyat Lalani, MBBS, MHS; Christopher H. Cabell, MD, MHS; Daniel K. Benjamin, PhD; Ovidiu Lasca, BA; Christoph Naber, MD; Vance G. Fowler, Jr, MD, MHS; G. Ralph Corey, MD; Vivian H. Chu, MD, MHS; Michael Fenely, MD; Orathai Pachirat, MD; Ru-San Tan, MBBS, MRCP; Richard Watkin, MRCP; Adina Ionac, MD, PhD; Asuncion Moreno, MD; Carlos A. Mestres, MD, PhD; José Casabé, MD, PhD; Natalia Chipigina, PhD; Damon P. Eisen, MBBS, MD, FRACP; Denis Spelman, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, MPH; Francois Delahaye, MD, PhD; Gail Peterson, MD; Lars Olaison, MD, PhD; Andrew Wang, MD; for the International Collaboration on Endocarditis–Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators